關鍵字彙：
akin/ analogous/ analogy/ concerted/ consensus/ discrepancy/ discrete/ disparity/ distinct/ diverse/ diversity/ equate/ equivalent/ heterogeneous/ identical/ manifold/ miscellaneous/ nuance/ parity/ semblance/ separate/ simultaneous/ solidarity/ synchronous/ synonymous/ tantamount/ variance/ variety/ various/ virtually
1. 「完全相同的」叫identical：
•It's the identical coat that was stolen from me.
•I've never before met two sisters with identical voices.
•Your voice is identical to hers.
•No fingerprints of two persons are identical.
2. 「相似的」、「類似的」可用akin、synonymous或analogous（正式），「類比」叫analogy：
•Her beautiful handwriting is akin to drawing.
•Pity is akin to love.
•Superstition is synonymous with ignorance.
•The study's findings are analogous with/ to our own.
•The teacher likes to make clear her points by analogy.
•He indicated points of analogy between the two situations.
3. 描述一種有可能異於實況的「類似」，用semblance：
•Although his book has a semblance of wisdom and scholarship, a careful examination will reveal many errors and omissions.
4. 「同時發生或存在的」、「同時作出的」可用simultaneous或synchronous：
•The simultaneous appearance of two books on the same subject is very common.
•We have many examples of scientists in different parts of the world who have made synchronous discoveries.
5. 計畫、行動等「一致的」、「聯合的」可用concerted，為共同利益、目標或準則而「團結一致」叫solidarity，「共識」說成consensus：
•All governments have made a concerted effort to stop terrorism.
•We must take concerted action.
•Solidarity among union members is essential in negotiations.
•What is the consensus of opinion, ladies?
•Can we reach a consensus on this matter?
•Our consensus is that corporal punishment should be banned in schools.
•The consensus indicates that we will not enter into this pact.
•The consensus of the committee was that no action should be taken.
6. 時間、數量等「相等的」叫equivalent，它也做名詞用，指等值的東西：
•She changed her pounds for the equivalent/ an equivalent amount of dollars.
•Some American words have no British equivalents.
7. 效果、嚴重程度等「相等的」、「實質上一樣的」用tantamount，「實質上」、「幾乎」可用virtually：
•His reticence was tantamount to an acknowledgement of fault.
•This was an act that is tantamount to treason.
•Your answer is tantamount to a refusal.
•That request is virtually an order.
8. 狀態、階級、地位等「相等」、「平等」可用parity，「把…同等看待」、「把…畫上等號」叫equate：
•We seek to stand at parity with all the other races in the world.
•You can't equate his poems and/ with his plays.
•Orientals equated retreat with cowardice.
9. 中文「不同的」這個概念，換成英文至少可以分為「差異」和「繁多」兩個層面，項9先說差異。屬於這層面的different可以替換成distinct、separate和discrete（正式）。這些字都強調某些人、事、物儘管同樣屬於某個族群，彼此之間卻存在著明顯且關鍵的差別，讓人不可能混淆：
•Chinese and English are two entirely distinct languages. （儘管都是 language）
•The European Union is made up of 15 nations with distinct cultural, linguistic, and economic roots. （儘管同在歐洲）
•This word has three separate meanings.
•The website lists ten separate ways to kill cockroaches.
•The picture consisted of a lot of discrete spots of color.
•The universe is composed of discrete bodies.
•These two discrete issues are totally unrelated.
10. 相對於「差異」，另一組different的代用字則強調「繁多」、「形形色色」、「各式各樣」或「多元」，它們包括diverse、various、heterogeneous、miscellaneous和manifold（正式）。另外，「多元」、「形形色色」可用diversity或variety表達：
•There are diverse ways of approaching this problem.
•Papers presented for this conference included subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology.
•He decided to leave school for various reasons.
•I had to sign various documents before they would let me into the country.
•The heterogeneous population of the United States constitutes the melting pot.
•The bookseller gathered together a miscellaneous lot of books for sale.
•Marriage consists of manifold duties.
•Mary has a great diversity of interests: she likes sports, travel, photography, and making radio sets.
•Everyone arrived late at the party for a variety of reasons.
11. 「不同」、「不一致」可用discrepancy、disparity或variance，但variance主要用在片語at variance (with)中。另外，「細微的不同」叫nuance：
•You said you paid 500 dollars and the bill says 300; how do you explain the discrepancy?
•Wide discrepancies were found between the two accounts of the battle.
•There is (a) great disparity of/ in age between him and his wife.
•Their stories showed significant disparity.
•There is great disparity between promise and performance.
•They have been at variance for years.
•What he did was at variance with what he had promised to do.
•There is some nuance between the adjectives "beautiful" and "good-looking."
留言列表
