關鍵字彙：
acute/ ailment/ allergy/ benign/ chronic/ coma/ complexion/ congenital/ constipation/ contagious/ convulsion/ dyspepsia/ epidemic/ florid/ gaunt/ haggard/ hale/ hallucination/ hoary/ hollow/ hypochondria/ hysterical/ immune/ immunize/ infectious/ infirmity/ inoculate/ invalid/ lunatic/ malady/ malaise/ malignant/ morbid/ nauseate/ pallid/ palsy/ pandemic/ pestilence/ quarantine/ queasy/ robust/ ruddy/ sallow/ salubrious/ sunken/ ulcer/ vaccinate/ virulent/ wan/ wholesome
1. 在文言的敘述中，「健康的」用hale。另外，「健壯的」叫robust：
•It is really unusual that the ninety-year-old man is still so hale and hearty.
•The candidate for the football team had a robust physique.
2. 「有益健康的」可用salubrious或wholesome：
•Many people with hay fever move to more salubrious sections of the country during the months of August and September.
•Swimming is a wholesome sport.
•Tomatoes are a wholesome food.
3. 「臉色紅潤的」用florid或ruddy，「膚色」（尤其指臉色）叫complexion：
•His complexion was even more florid than usual because of his anger.
•The little girl had a ruddy complexion after being out in the cold.
•Regular exercise and proper diet enable her to have a very good complexion.
4. 因健康不佳而「臉色蒼白的」、「有病容或倦容的」用pallid或wan（文言），「面黃肌瘦的」叫sallow。另外，因年老而「髮色灰白的」叫hoary：
•As a night-shift worker, he has an exceptionally pallid complexion.
•The fond lover looked so wan and so pensive.
•The little boy has a very sallow complexion.
•The man was hoary and wrinkled.
5. 形容因身體瘦弱而顯得「憔悴」，用gaunt，假如憔悴的徵象是眼窩和雙頰下陷 、臉現皺摺，用haggard、hollow或sunken：
•Her gaunt figure seemed to be blown away by the wind.
•After his long illness, he was pale and haggard.
•The sick man has got hollow cheeks.
•His sunken eyes explained that he was really tired.
6. 身心的「衰弱」叫infirmity或malaise：
•He is suffering from age and infirmity.
•Sometimes she has no idea as to what causes her malaise.
7. 在正式或文言的敘述中，可用malady代表「疾病」。此外，「小病痛」叫ailment。當我們提到某人有著ailment時，經常暗指對方誇大或甚至無病呻吟：
•Now cancer is no longer a totally incurable malady.
•A mysterious, unidentifiable malady has been afflicting the area.
•The lazy student was often absent from class simply because of ailments.
•She is always complaining of some ailment or other.
8. 「患病者」、「傷病者」可用invalid，「病態的」叫morbid：
•The resort is good for invalids.
•These morbid speculations are dangerous; we must lighten our thinking by emphasis on more pleasant matters.
9. 病勢「急性的」叫acute，「慢性的」叫chronic，「良性的」叫benign，「惡性的」叫malignant；病徵「先天性的」叫congenital：
•The boy died of an acute attack of appendicitis.
•He is suffering from a chronic cough.
•"Don't worry," said the doctor, "it's only a benign tumor."
•The doctor cut off a malignant tumor in the girl's left brain, and she has completely recovered.
•My family told me that my blindness was not congenital.
10. 「傳染性的」叫infectious，若強調接觸傳染則用contagious，強調病毒性的迅速和嚴重傳染用virulent：
•Colds are infectious.
•There seems to be a highly infectious type of flu going around.
•AIDS may be considered as a contagious disease.
•Covid-19 is highly virulent and has claimed many victims.
11. 「流行性的」叫epidemic，「大流行病」叫pandemic。另外，舊式用法中，「瘟疫」叫pestilence：
•Advanced countries have almost held all the epidemic diseases under control.
•The World Health Organization at last declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic.
•A pestilence was raging in Africa.
12. 「接種疫苗」可用inoculate、vaccinate或immunize。另外，「隔離檢疫」叫quarantine，「免疫的」叫immune：
•Army doctors have started inoculating villagers against disease.
•I'll rest easier knowing I'm inoculated against eradicated diseases like smallpox.
•Formerly, we were inoculated against cholera once in a year.
•New students are required to be vaccinated against Hepatitis B.
•The children were vaccinated against the major childhood diseases.
•Children are routinely immunized against polio.
•The vulnerable group such as old people and kids had better be immunized against flu in winter.
•If no indication of the rumored contagious disease is given, the quarantine won't last long.
•The nurse was fortunately immune to the disease and could take care of the sick.
13. 一些病症或病徵的說法：
a. 「過敏」叫allergy：
•He has an allergy to eggs/ an egg allergy.
b. 因疾病、中毒或重傷害等原因而陷入長時間的「昏迷」叫coma：
•The man lay in a coma for five hours.
c. 人不自然、突然且劇烈的抽動－也就是痙攣－叫convulsion，也可用palsy（舊式）：
•The child's nervous illness often threw her into convulsions.
•The old man shook with such palsy that he could hardly hold chopsticks.
d. 「消化不良」可用dyspepsia，「便秘」叫constipation：
•As a workaholic, he suffers from dyspepsia.
•Eating more fruit and vegetables will relieve one's constipation.
e. 由於藥物的作用或心裡有病所產生的「幻覺」叫hallucination：
•The drunken man's hallucination was so vivid that he cried out in anguish.
f. 無端懷疑自己生病的「慮病症」、「疑病症」叫hypochondria，「歇斯底里的」叫hysterical：
•I thought the doctor was going to accuse me of hypochondria.
•His hysterical outbursts of fury were terrifying.
g. 「讓人感到噁心想吐」叫nauseate，「感覺噁心的」叫queasy：
•The foul smell began to nauseate her.
•He was nauseated by the movement of the ship.
•Traveling by boat makes me queasy.
h. 「潰瘍」叫ulcer：
•Frequent stressfulness may be a cause of stomach ulcers.
14. 舊式用法中，「精神病患」叫lunatic。但現在這個字不只過時，甚至還有冒犯的意味。日常生活中假如提到這類病人，最好就說a mentally ill person。現今的lunatic主要用在比喻或誇張的層面，表示一個人做了他在神智清楚時應該不會做的事情，例如莫名其妙地大吼大叫等：
•Bedlam was a famous old English asylum for lunatics.
•Like a lunatic, she was cursing and screaming.
•He drives like a lunatic.
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